TABLE 5. Studies investigating the effects of lactate on depressive-like behavior.

Arc: Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2; CREB: Camp Response Element-Binding Protein; CSDS: Chronic Social Defeat Stress; FST: Forced-Swim Test; GSK3α/β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha/beta; HDAC2/3/5: Histone Deacetylase 2/3/5; NOS1: Nitric Oxide Synthase 1; PDE4D: Camp-Specific 3′,5′-Cyclic Phosphodiesterase 4D; TST: Tail Suspention Test.

173. Karnib N, El-Ghandour R, El Hayek L, Nasrallah P, Khalifeh M, Barmo N, Jabre V, Ibrahim P, Bilen M, Stephan JS, Holson EB, Ratan RR, and Sleiman SF (2019). Lactate is an antidepressant that mediates resilience to stress by modulating the hippocampal levels and activity of histone deacetylases. Neuropsychopharmacology 44(6):1152-1162. doi: 10.1038/s41386-019-0313-z
174. Carrard A, Elsayed M, Margineanu M, Boury-Jamot B, Fragnière L, Meylan EM, Petit JM, Fiumelli H, Magistretti PJ, and Martin JL (2018). Peripheral administration of lactate produces antidepressant-like effects. Mol Psychiatry 23(2): 392–399. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.179